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• A dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter - On the basis of the exceptions from a rule, rejecting the whole rule
• A dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid - generalizing from typical instances
• "A is based on B" fallacy - "all penguins are birds, all eagles are birds, therefore all eagles are penguins"
• A priorism - reasoning from abstract principles to facts instead of vice versa
• Abductive Fallacy - fallacy where retroduction goes wrong
• Abstraction - distorting the meaning of a quote by removing its surrounding text
• Abusive Ad Hominem - maligning the opponent
• Accent (first meaning) - changing the meaning of a sentence by emphasizing a part of it
• Accent (second meaning) - distorting the meaning of a quote by removing its surrounding text
• Accent fallacy - changing the meaning of a sentence by emphasizing a part of it
• Accident - generalizing from typical instances
• Accident fallacy - generalizing from typical instances
• According to the Rules Fallacy - applying a formal rule in exceptional cases
• Ad antiquitatem fallacy - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Ad baculum fallacy - "rejecting this belief would have really bad consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Ad Consequentiam - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Ad crumenam fallacy - "he's rich, he must be right"
• Ad Fidentia - "he's not confident, he must be wrong"
• Ad hoc - untested hypothesis made up on the spot
• ad hoc Argument - untested hypothesis made up on the spot
• Ad hoc Hypothesis - untested hypothesis made up on the spot
• Ad hoc Rationalization - untested hypothesis made up on the spot
• Ad hoc Rescue - untested hypothesis made up on the spot
• Ad hominem - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• ad hominem abusive - maligning the opponent
• ad hominem circumstantiae - rejecting a position because the person holding it has a vested interest in holding it
• ad hominem circumstantial - rejecting a position because the person holding it has a vested interest in holding it
• Ad hominem fallacy - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• ad hominem ridicule - "this is laughable, it must be wrong"
• ad hominem tu quoque - trying to escape from an accusation by directing the same accusation right back
• Ad Ignorantiam - "'There might be an invisible X' is an hypothesis Galileo could not prove false!"
• Ad ignorantiam fallacy - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Ad infinitum - raising one illicit objection after the other
• Ad Lapidem - dismissing a statement as absurd without giving a reason
• Ad lapidem fallacy - dismissing a statement as absurd without giving a reason
• Ad Lazarum - "he's poor, he must be right"
• Ad lazarum fallacy - "he's poor, he must be right"
• Ad logicam - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Ad Misericordiam - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Ad misericordiam fallacy - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Ad nauseam - repeating an argument again and again and hammering it into people's brain
• Ad Novitatem - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Ad novitatem fallacy - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Ad Numerum - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Ad Personam - appeal to the personal preferences, dislikes, or weaknesses of those one wants to convince
• Ad personam fallacy - appeal to the personal preferences, dislikes, or weaknesses of those one wants to convince
• Ad Populum - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Ad populum fallacy - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Ad Verecundiam - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Ad verecundiam fallacy - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Affirmation of a Disjunct - "A or B is true; A is true, therefore B is false"
• Affirmation of the Consequent - "if A is true, then B is true; B is true, therefore A is true"
• Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premise - "Some (or all) A are (not) B; some (or all) B are (not) C; therefore some (or all) A are C", with at least one "not"
• Affirming a Disjunct - "A or B is true; A is true, therefore B is false"
• Affirming One Disjunct - "A or B is true; A is true, therefore B is false"
• Affirming the Consequent - "if A is true, then B is true; B is true, therefore A is true"
• After this, therefore because of this - "A happened after B. So B is the cause of A"
• Against Self-Confidence - "he's not confident, he must be wrong"
• Against the Man - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Alien Fallacy - "I can't figure this out, so aliens must have done it"
• Allness - assumption that one knows everything there is to know about a subject
• All-Or-Nothing Mistake - giving two possibilities as the only two when in reality there are other possibilities
• Alternative Advance - pretending to give several choices which are really the same
• Alternative syllogism fallacy - "A or B is true; A is true, therefore B is false"
• Ambiguity - using a word or phrase with more than one meaning in both meanings in the same logical step
• Ambiguity fallacy - using a word or phrase with more than one meaning in both meanings in the same logical step
• Ambiguity of Accent - changing the meaning of a sentence by emphasizing a part of it
• Ambiguous Collective - using a collective word (like "you", "we", or "the people") without specifying which group exactly one is talking about
• Ambiguous Collective Fallacy - using a collective word (like "you", "we", or "the people") without specifying which group exactly one is talking about
• Ambiguous Middle - "some (or all) A are (not) B; some (or all) B are (not) C; therefore some (or all) A are (not) C", where B has two different meanings the first and second time
• Ambiguous Middle Term - "some (or all) A are (not) B; some (or all) B are (not) C; therefore some (or all) A are (not) C", where B has two different meanings the first and second time
• Ambiguous Terms - using an ambiguous word in different senses in the same argument
• Amphibole - using a sentence which can be interpreted in more than one way because of ambiguous grammar
• Amphibology - using a sentence which can be interpreted in more than one way because of ambiguous grammar
• Amphiboly - using a sentence which can be interpreted in more than one way because of ambiguous grammar
• Anecdotal Evidence - using stories as evidence which have already been selected for availability or interest
• Anecdotal Evidence Fallacy - using stories as evidence which have already been selected for availability or interest
• Anonymous Authority - "an authority said that (but I won't tell you who it was so you can't disprove me), it must be right"
• Anthropomorphism - attributing human traits to other creatures or inanimate objects
• Anthropomorphization - attributing human traits to other creatures or inanimate objects
• Anti-Conceptual Mentality - treating an abstract concept like a real thing and forgetting its origin
• Appeal to Age - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Appeal to Anonymous Authority - "an authority said that (but I won't tell you who it was so you can't disprove me), it must be right"
• Appeal to Antiquity - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Appeal to Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Appeal to Belief - "once you believe it, you will understand"
• Appeal to Bribery - "accepting this belief would have really good consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Appeal to Celebrity - "he's famous, he must be right"
• Appeal to Common Practice - "other people do this all the time, so I can do it too"
• Appeal to Confidence - "trust me, I know what I'm talking about"
• Appeal to Consequence - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Appeal to Consequences - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Appeal to Consequences of a Belief - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Appeal to Convenience - "it's much more practical that way"
• Appeal to Emotion - trying to influence people's beliefs by arousing emotions in them
• Appeal to Emotion and Desire - trying to influence people's beliefs by arousing emotions in them
• Appeal to Emotions - trying to influence people's beliefs by arousing emotions in them
• Appeal to Envy - "they have all that power and influence and grant money!"
• Appeal to Experience
• Appeal to Faith - "once you believe it, you will understand"
• Appeal to Fear - trying to scare people away from an opinion
• Appeal to Flattery - trying to compliment people into an opinion
• Appeal to Force - "rejecting this belief would have really bad consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Appeal to Gravity - claiming to be be serious and conscientious
• Appeal to Guilt - "aren't you ashamed for having that opinion?"
• Appeal to Hatred - "he's so despicable, he must be wrong"
• Appeal to Hope - "if it ought be like this, it is like this"
• Appeal to Humor - "this is laughable, it must be wrong"
• Appeal to Ignorance - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Appeal to Inappropriate Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Appeal to Intuition
• Appeal to Logic - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Appeal to Majority - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Mass Opinion - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Misery - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Appeal to Mockery - "this is laughable, it must be wrong"
• Appeal to Modernity - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Appeal to Money - "he's rich, he must be right"
• Appeal to Motives in Place of Support - appeal to the personal preferences, dislikes, or weaknesses of those one wants to convince
• Appeal to Mystery - "it just happened, the reason is not ours to know"
• Appeal to Nature - "if it is like this, it ought be like this"
• Appeal to Novelty - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Appeal to Numbers - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Patriotism - "believing this would be unpatriotic"
• Appeal to People - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Personal Interest - appeal to the personal preferences, dislikes, or weaknesses of those one wants to convince
• Appeal to Pity - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Appeal to Popular Pieties - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Popular Prejudice - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Popularity - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Poverty - "he's poor, he must be right"
• Appeal to Pride - "those who accept this are the smarter ones"
• Appeal to Private Motives - "it's in your own interest if this belief is widely accepted"
• Appeal to Progress - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Appeal to Riches - "he's rich, he must be right"
• Appeal to Ridicule - "this is laughable, it must be wrong"
• Appeal to Rugged Individualism - "most people don't believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Rumor - information that has gone through many hands and is different from what the original source said
• Appeal to Spite - "he's so despicable, he must be wrong"
• Appeal to the Gallery - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Majority - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Masses - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Minority - "most people don't believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Mob - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Mob Instinct - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Modern - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Moon - "if we can put a man on the moon, we must also be able to..."
• Appeal to the Multitude - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Old - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Appeal to the People - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to the Public - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appeal to Tradition - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Appeal to Unqualified Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Appeal to Utility - "it's much more practical that way"
• Appeal to Wealth - "he's rich, he must be right"
• Appeal to What is Popular - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appealing to the Gallery - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Appealing to the People - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Apple Polishing - trying to compliment people into an opinion
• Apriorism - reasoning from abstract principles to facts instead of vice versa
• Arcane Explanation - proposing an explanation based on not universally accepted entities, such as aliens, ghosts, or gods
• Arguing by the Numbers - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Arguing from Ignorance - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Arguing from Silence - interpreting silence as consent
• Argument Against the Man - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Argument by Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Argument by Consensus - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument by Innuendo - planting a claim in people's heads without actually making the claim
• Argument by Lack of Imagination - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argument Directed at the Person - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Argument from Adverse Consequences - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Argument from Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Argument from Consensus - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument from Design - "this looks designed to me, it must be designed"
• Argument from Fallacy - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Argument From Force - "rejecting this belief would have really bad consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Argument from Ignorance - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argument from incredulity - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argument From Intimidation - "aren't you ashamed for having that opinion?"
• Argument From Intimidation Fallacy - "aren't you ashamed for having that opinion?"
• Argument from Omniscience - "everybody knows this"
• Argument from Outrage - "isn't it preposterous that there are people who think like this?"
• Argument from Personal Incredulity - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argument from Popularity - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument From Power - "rejecting this belief would have really bad consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Argument from Repetition - repeating an argument again and again and hammering it into people's brain
• Argument from Silence - interpreting silence as consent
• Argument from Tradition - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Argument of the Beard - trying to convince people that two things are similar by erecting between them a chain of things similar to each other
• Argument of the Logic - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Argument of the New - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Argument of Tradition - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Argument to Antiquity - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Argument to Authority - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Argument to Ignorance - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argument to Logic - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Argument to Numbers - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument to Pity - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Argument to the Future - predicting that the evidence will soon be in
• Argument to the People - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument to the Point of Disgust - repeating an argument again and again and hammering it into people's brain
• Argument to the Public - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argument to Tradition - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Argument to Veneration - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Argumentum ad antiquitatem - "people have been believing this for ages, it must be right"
• Argumentum ad baculum - "rejecting this belief would have really bad consequences for you, you should accept it"
• Argumentum ad consequentiam - "this belief has really bad (good) consequences, it must be wrong (right)"
• Argumentum ad convenientiam - "it's much more practical that way"
• Argumentum ad crumenam - "he's rich, he must be right"
• Argumentum ad hominem - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Argumentum ad ignorantiam - "absence of proof is proof of absence"
• Argumentum ad invidiam - "they have all that power and influence and grant money!"
• Argumentum ad lazarum - "he's poor, he must be right"
• Argumentum ad logicam - "he used a fallacy, he must be wrong"
• Argumentum ad lunam - "if we can put a man on the moon, we must also be able to..."
• Argumentum ad metum - trying to scare people away from an opinion
• Argumentum ad misericordiam - "he's suffering that much, he must be right"
• Argumentum ad naturam - "if it is like this, it ought be like this"
• Argumentum ad nauseam - repeating an argument again and again and hammering it into people's brain
• argumentum ad nauseam fallacy - repeating an argument again and again and hammering it into people's brain
• Argumentum ad Nazium - connecting one's opponent to Hitler or the Nazis
• Argumentum ad novitatem - "this is the newest knowledge, it must be right"
• Argumentum ad numerum - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argumentum ad odium - "he's so despicable, he must be wrong"
• Argumentum ad personam - appeal to the personal preferences, dislikes, or weaknesses of those one wants to convince
• Argumentum ad populum - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Argumentum ad superbium - "those who accept this are the smarter ones"
• Argumentum ad temperantiam - claiming that in a given conflict, the middle ground must be the correct answer
• Argumentum ad verecundiam - "he's an authority (for something else, but I will gloss over that), he must be right"
• Argumentum ex silentio - interpreting silence as consent
• Argumentum in terrorem - trying to scare people away from an opinion
• Asserting an Alternative - "A or B is true; A is true, therefore B is false"
• Asserting the Consequent - "if A is true, then B is true; B is true, therefore A is true"
• Assuming the Cause - "A happened after B. So B is the cause of A"
• Assumption Correction Assumption - interpreting silence as consent
• Attack on the Person - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Attacking the Person - attacking, instead of the position or argument, the person who holds it
• Attributing Concreteness to the Abstract - treating an abstract concept like a real thing and forgetting its origin
• Audiatur et altera pars - using a premise for an argument without stating the premise
• Authority of the Many - "lots of people believe this, it must be right"
• Authority of the Select Few - "most people don't believe this, it must be right"
• Autistic Certainty - "I would not believe something that is not true; I believe [this]; therefore, [this] must be true"
• Avoiding the Issue - while pretending to talk about the subject in question, really talking about something else
• Avoiding the Question - while pretending to answer a question, really talking about something else